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| Editors and writers will be able to use this manual to produce a high-quality publication on a consistent basis. The editor-in-chief reserves the authority to answer questions not addressed within the pages of this text. The primary research for this manual came from the following sources: Modern Newspaper Editing by Gene Gilmore and Robert Root (The Glendessary Press, Inc., Berkeley, California, 1971), The Associated Press Stylebook, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Journalism Stylebook and The Appalachian Newspaper Manual. This section attempts to provide an index of commonly used words in a stylebook format. All copy printed in The Appalachian should be edited to follow this style. Staff members should consult The Associated Press Stylebook as well as official university publications (when applicable) to solve any style question not addressed in this manual. Numbers [top] 9-11 Acceptable reference for Sept. 11, 2001 A [top] abbreviations and acronyms
see AP Stylebook for correct usage. Do not create a clumsy acronym simply
to save space if it will be confusing or needs to be explained. Capitalize titles preceding a name (never use multiple titles before a
name) and lower case them when following a name. A college head is a dean
while a department head is a chairperson or chair on second reference.
Do not interchange director, coordinator and supervisor. Find the correct
title. Vice chancellors are “vice chancellor FOR...” not “of...”
See doctor.
Appalachian State University Spell out on first reference; thereafter use, Appalachian, Appalachian State and the university are acceptable (do not capitalize university when used alone). Only use ASU in headlines, sports, and feature stories, graphs and captions. [Web site] AppCard, AppExpress AppalCART The countywide transit system. [Web site] Appalachian Consortium A non-profit organization located at Appalachian’s University Hall. AppolCorps Appalachian Orientation Leaders. AppolCorps is acceptable on all references. AppalNET The university’s Campus Pipeline system [Web site] Appalnet The university-operated cable television system. Appalachian House Washington, D.C. AppHouse is acceptable on second reference. [Web site] Appalachian Student Ambassadors Appalachian Student Ambassadors on first reference. Ambassadors for subsequent references. [Web site] Appalachian State University Foundation A fundraising corporation that is a separate unit of the university. It does not answer to the Board of Trustees. ASU see Appalachian State University attribution Always use “said” for people and “according to” for documents or Web sites. Proper attribution:
An easy way to remember where to put “said”: It always goes opposite of long titles. If the long title is before the name, put “said” after the name, and vice versa. B [top] B-GLAAD Bisexuals, Gays, Lesbians and Allies Associated for Diversity. B-GLAAD may be used on all references. [Web site] Baptist Student Union BSU on second reference. Black Student Association BSA may be used on second reference and in headlines. Board of Governors The governing body of the 16-member University of North Carolina system. Spell out on first reference; thereafter BOG, the board are acceptable uses. [Web site] Board of Trustees Spell out on first reference. BOT, the board and the trustees acceptable thereafter. The 13-member governing body of ASU. It meets quarterly in the administration building. The SGA president and Faculty Senate chair serve as ex-officio (non-voting) members. [Web site] Boone Use Town of Boone on first reference. Boone is a town, not a city. It is governed by a five-member Town Council and has an elected mayor and an appointed town manager. The council is made up of council members. The town administers the City Office, Fire Department, Planning and Inspection Department and Police Department. Most offices are housed in the town hall. [Web site] Before, not prior to Broyhill Inn & Conference Center [Web site] buildings and places Official names on first reference. Common names for second reference. Refer to the map in the Telephone Directory for official identification, or see below:
C [top] CRSA Campus Resident Student Association - governing body oversees RSAs in each residence hall. CRSA can be used on second reference. [Web site] classes Freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, graduate student and special student are lower case. colleges see academic units contractions Avoid using except in direct quotes, commentaries and features. counseling center The unofficial name of Counseling and Psychological Services Center. May be used on a first reference. [Web site] coaches see current sports guide or Web site. head coach is never capitalized. CSIL Center for Student Involvement and Leadership. CSIL for second reference. (NO “the” in front of). [Web site] D [top] date, time and place When a sentence contains each of these elements, place them in the above order: The Board of Trustees will meet Friday at 10 a.m. in the Administration Building. Never begin sentence with time. deans see academic units for proper names of schools and Web sites.
departments and chairs visit [Web site] for updated department information. Academic departments are lowercase, and are referred to as the department of ______. Administrative departments are capitalized like governmental departments, even when used with attribution of title after the name (see attribution). department of curriculum and instruction dialect Beware of quoting in dialect; such quotes can be condescending and unclear. fairness Get both sides of the story. If you include a Republican candidate, include the Democratic hopeful. If you interview a person who is charging another with a wrongdoing, interview the accused. If you interview a company executive about changes in a plant, get the workers’ side too. fewer and less than Generally, “fewer” is for individual items, “less than” for bulk or quantity. “Fewer than 10 people entered.” “I had less than 40 bushels of apples.” fraternity Freshman Seminar Greek life H [top] hip-hop Homecoming [Web site] I [top] identification When you quote someone, make sure you tell what that person’s title is, what group he is with, and how he is linked with the story to indicate why he is qualified to be quoted. Also, check the spellings of names and use a middle initial if possible. Alexander Pope might be an unusual name, but not for the 12 guys out there with that moniker. IFC Interfraternity Council - IFC may be used on second reference. I.G. Greer Arena Theatre and Auditorium The arena theatre is a small area for performances in the lower level of the building. The auditorium is where films are shown. M [top] majors Always lowercase unless formal (such as English and foreign languages). months see AP stylebook for abbreviations. Always abbreviate with dates (exceptions: March, April, May, June and July). N [top] NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. NAACP is acceptable on all references. New York Loft New York City campus. NY Loft is acceptable on second reference. [Web site] North Carolina North Carolina is spelled out when used as a noun. Abbreviate it to N.C. when used as an adjective. However, it is spelled out when part of a proper noun, as in North Carolina State University, but not before the name of a state agency, as in NC Department of Transportation. When used with a state department, do not include periods. NOW National Organization for Women. NOW is acceptable on second reference. O [top] on-campus, off-campus The hyphens are used when the words are adjectives. He lives off campus. She is an off-campus student. P [top] parking The following are university-owned parking areas. [Web site]
Phase 1 and 2 Orientation Use Arabic numerals, not Roman. PHC Panhellenic Council - PHC may be used on second reference. Plemmons Student Union Spell out on first reference. It may also be referred to as the student union on all following references. There is no "the" in front. [Web site]
police department and sheriff’s department The Town of Boone employs police officers within its police department. Watauga County deputies work in the sheriff’s department. Prisoners are held in the Watauga County Jail (not prison). professor is a job description, not a title. It should never be capitalized. This also applies to associate professor, lecturer, adjunct instructor and associate professor. punctuation and periods Do not include periods in acronyms. The only exception is a national organization that includes periods (i.e. S.A.V.E.) R [top] Recruitment Always capitalized when referring to Greek event. The actual act itself is not capitalize. resident assistant RA may be used on first reference. residence halls All ASU Residence Life facilities are residence halls. ASU does not have dorms. Use _____ Residence Hall on first reference and ____ Hall thereafter. When referring to multiple halls, "residence halls" is lower case: "Bowie and Frank residence halls." [Web site]
Resident Student Association
RSA may be used on second reference. [Web
site]
Rivers Street Not "River Street" ROTC Reserve Officer Training Corps - ROTC is acceptable on first reference. Each school has a different branch of the ROTC, Appalachian has Army ROTC [Web site] Rush No longer the official name. Use Recruitment. S [top] said (see attribution) Always use "said" in news stories, not "explained" or "believed." When using "believe," put "said he/she" in front. On first reference, or with titles, said remains closest to the name. If the title comes before the name, "said" comes after. If the title comes after, "said" goes before. On second reference, "said" always comes after the name. For example:
S.A.V.E. Students Actively Volunteering for the Environment. S.A.V.E. on second reference. The periods must be included. Sanford Mall The mall only on second reference. Southern Conference See sports guide. [Web site] sport scores Always use numbers: 1-9, 10-8 semesters Lower case the names of semesters: fall semester 1986, spring semester. sorority Spring Break Student Development Refers to full-time administrative offices housed in B.B. Doughtery Administration Building. [Web site] Student Government Association SGA may be used on second reference and in headlines. Second reference may also be student government. The student government has two branches: executive and legislative. The legislative branch is the SGA Senate on first reference and Senate thereafter. All Senate committee names are capitalized. Titles should follow names, in lower case, or when preceding the name must include SGA, as in SGA President Jane Smith. Sen. should not be used. [Web site] Student Health Services Spell out on first reference. Health Services thereafter. [Web site] Student Programs Refers to full-time administrative offices housed in Plemmons Student Union. [Web site] Summit Trail Solarium Use Solarium on second reference T [top] The Appalachian remains The Appalachian on second reference. ‘The’ is part of its official name. Always italicized, except in photo credits. [Web site] The Appalachian Online official name of our Web site. [Web site] The Rhododendron remains The Rhododendron on second reference. ‘The’ is part of its official name. [Web site] The Wired Scholar The 24-hour cyber cafe in Belk Library & Information Commons. "The" is part of the name, and must be included on all references. U [top] university Do not capitalize the word university in reference to ASU. It is only capitalized when part of a specific name: Duke University. university activities Capitalize all formal university activities and breaks: Homecoming, Family Day, Commencement. Fall Break, Winter Break, Phase 2 Orientation. university officials Check most recent ASU telephone directory for official titles. University Police This is the official name for the University Police. Police may be used on second reference. Do not use “Campus Police.” [Web site] UNC system Use University of North Carolina system on first reference; UNC system on following references. The UNC system has the following 16 member institutions, with acceptable second-reference abbreviations: [Web site]
The UNC system is headed by a president; each institution has a chancellor. W [top] Watauga County Boone is in Watauga County and is the county seat. The county has a Board of Commissioners, which employs a county manager. County agencies include the Board of Elections, the Clerk of Court, the District Attorney, the Fire Marshall, the Health Department, the Register of Deeds and the Board of Education. The county maintains the Courthouse and the Law Enforcement Center. [Web site] Watauga Democrat The Democrat may be used on second reference. Must be italicized. [Web site] Web site two words, Web capitalized similar to Internet.
# | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | athletic facilities The following are commonly used for athletics at ASU. For official names and acceptable second references, please refer to ‘buildings and places’ entry of usage guide.
basketball The Southern Conference is divided into the North and South for basketball season.
coach Head coach is not capitalized as a title, even in front of a name. Do not use ‘coach’ after first reference. coaches visit [Web site] Commissioner’s Cup Each year, the team with the most SoCon wins takes the cup. ASU has received the award 19 of the past 21 years. conference ASU is in the Southern Conference. SoCon is acceptable on second reference. The following are Southern Conference teams: [Web site]
The only exception to the Southern Conference is field hockey, which is part of the Northern Pacific Conference (NorPac on subsequent references). The following are NorPac teams:
Division I ASU is currently in NCAA Division IA for all sports except football, which is IAA. When using Division IA or IAA, Always use roman numerals, not numbers. Field Turf This is the correct term for the artificial turf on Kidd Brewer Stadium’s field. Do not use ‘astroturf.’ football Jerry Moore was named the ‘winningest coach’ in 2002. The only retired jersey numbers are 23 and 32. Germann Cup This is the equivalent of the Commissioner’s Cup. It is awarded to the Southern Conference women’s athletic program with the most wins in a season. Holmes Convocation Center Houses the Seby Jones Arena and seats approximately 8,500. [Web site] Kidd Brewer Stadium Part of the athletic improvements plan, the stadium currently seats 16,650. After renovation, it will seat approximately 21,000. The Field Turf was replaced in summer 2003. Division I-AA National Championship, national championship Capitalization is similar to other formal nouns. When used with the complete name, capitalize. When used on second reference without the full name, lower case. Old Mountain Jug This is the annual competition between ASU and rival Western Carolina University. The winner of the football game takes the ‘Old Mountain Jug’ until the next season’s matchup. sports scores Scores are always in numeral form. i.e. 9-3, 11-4 Yosef The mascot of ASU.
attribute Attribution gives credibility. Don’t let it appear that the reporter is drawing conclusions. When you attribute, don’t say “according to a reliable source.” Get names and titles. between/among between concerns two parties; among concerns three or more concrete. Make the story concrete, supporting statements by:
content Is the story complete? Does it need to hold for more work? clarity Is the story clear, understandable? Don’t assume the reader knows as much about the news as you do. ellipses use with caution. They interrupt the story and make the reader wonder what was left out and whether the omission affects the statement’s meaning. When using ellipses, don’t omit the verbs, nouns, etc. necessary to keep the statement from being nonsensical. floating numbers “Everyone got his due,” not “Everybody got their due.” geography If a story says Shepherdsville is in Shelby County, bells had better ring. If a reporter says New York City is the largest city in the world, stop the bus. If a story says Lima is the capital of Bolivia, you should know better. headlines They usually are based on the lede and contain active verbs. Always make sure the story supports the headline, and try to avoid:
-ics, as in suffix.
jargon Don’t use jargon and non-words; they are imprecise and can be unclear.
jumping identification When a story includes more than one person, be precise with the second reference or the reader might end up wondering who’s saying what. Don’t say “the businessman said,” the good old boy said”; use names to avoid confusion. keep alert and concentrate Understand what you are reading; think about every word and every statement; grasp detail and overall meaning. ledes The lede is the most important sentence of the story; it keeps or loses the reader. Consider:
the five W’s don’t have to be included in every lede, but they generally form a good starting point. length Is the story too long, too bogged down? Does it need trimming? numbers Numbers are land mines. Always step carefully whenever numbers appear in a story. Consider:
near beware of this word. Avoid “near-fatal accident,” “near tragedy,” “near miss.” own avoid it. “He said he wanted his own car.” Omit “own” The same with “himself.” “He said he’d like one himself.” Himself is unnecessary. punctuation know it. perspective Always put yourself in place of the reader when editing a story. quotes Don’t change them, not even to correct poor grammar. Don’t use them out of context. quotations marks Don’t use them around slang. (Slang should be used rarely and only when it is widely recognized.” Don’t use them to try to justify cute phrases, and don’t pepper the story with short partial quotes. redundancies slash them. Redundant words: new record, old adage, dead body, future plans. Redundant quotes: “John Doe said it was hot today. ‘It was hot as blazes,’ Doe said.” reformer This term is political and editorial. Who deems someone a reformer? Dissident is a better word. skeptical always be. “You can’t believe everything you read.” simple keep the copy that way. Make sentences and paragraphs short, make statements clear and terse and use simple words and phrases. However, don’t underestimate the reader. superlatives beware of them; they are unnecessary; “most prestigious,” “most unique.” spelling Good copy editors are good spellers- or they are at least good at spotting misspelled words. Always have a dictionary handy. taboo words They are often judgment words: just, only, exactly, ironically, grandmotherly, middle-aged, elderly. that Often used superfluously. Try reading the sentence without the "that." If it still makes sense, leave it out. The same goes for "although." the/a/an Don’t delete them automatically. unfamiliar Beware of unfamiliar words, phrases, and concepts, such as legal and scientific terms and foreign phrases. Define or explain. verbs Use active verbs when possible. Always make sure verb and subject agree. variety To try to assure this:
while It means “at the same time,” not “and,” “but,” or “whereas.” X-ing, or cutting a story. Don’t be afraid to cut, but do so with care. Stories can’t always be cut from the bottom either. Be careful not to cut first references, leaving an unidentified last name dangling later in the story. “You don’t have to change things.” Don’t change something just because that’s the way you would have written it. In other words, if it ain’t broke, don’ fix it.
Editorial policy is the set of guidelines by which the newspaper operates. It includes the newspaper’s attitudes toward its community and aids editors in making editorial decisions. The Editorial Board of The Appalachian makes recommendations on all editorial policy decisions. The editor in chief serves as chairperson. Members of the Editorial Board are: editor in chief, associate editor for news, associate editor for production, associate editor for online, chief photographer and desk editors. Editorial Board members serve during fall and spring semesters. The Editorial Board meets twice weekly, before production of each issue, to determine the editorial position of the unsigned editorial and to assign the writing of that editorial. Regardless of who writes the editorial, responsibility for content remains with the Editorial Board and the editor in chief. Editorials, whether written by the editor in chief or another member of the Editorial Board, must be based on adequate research to demonstrate an accurate understanding of the issue. The editor in chief is responsible for formulating editorials based on a consensus (unanimous consent) of the Editorial Board. If a consensus cannot be reached a vote will be taken. To be approved a proposed editorial must garner four (4) positive votes. Editorials approved by four (4) positive votes or by consensus will be unsigned and considered the opinion of the paper. If four (4) positive votes cannot be achieved, a proposed editorial must be signed by those who support it. The editor in chief has the authority to overrule the editorial board and to refuse to allow an editorial topic be addressed in the student newspaper; however, the editor in chief cannot substitute a different position on the same topic without a majority positive vote of the editorial board The editor in chief has responsibility to implement any policy decisions reached by the Editorial Board. When determining policy the board should keep in mind the need for readers to know information, community standards and the effect the newspaper has upon the community agenda. The newspaper should strive to inform, enhance discussion of campus issues, and to entertain When questions of policy cannot be resolved by the Editorial Board or affect the entire organization, the Student Publications Advisory Board may be asked to address the issue. Should the Advisory Board fail to resolve the question or otherwise choose, the matter may be taken to the Student Media Board, then to the Vice Chancellor for Student Development.
The first amendment to the United States Constitution states that no national law may infringe upon the freedom of the press. Taken literally, it would seem that the American press has been given a free reign to print anything it wishes. American tradition, however, dictates that with freedom comes responsibility and journalists must respect the rights of other people while pursuing the truth in an objective manner. The journalist has four main responsibilities: To contribute to the function of democracy, to be impartial, to be fair, and to be an agent of change, when appropriate. As such agents of change, newspapers may adopt policies of crusading against community ills, while retaining balance and fairness. The traditional three-part aim of journalism–to inform, to guide and to entertain–can be expanded to include nine functions of the press:
Newspaper reporting distinguishes itself from broadcast because of its permanence and its less restrictive nature. Unlike public relations, newspapers print the good along with the bad to portray the complete story. Readers have the opportunity to respond to what is printed, while broadcast audiences often do not have this chance. PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AND ETHICS The Appalachian shall be no different than any other American newspaper. The publication should always strive to make truth its ultimate goal; when it fails to do so it loses credibility with the university community. It shall serve as a vehicle of communication in three ways: By providing readers information affecting their lives at ASU, by providing readers a means of responding to this information through letters to the editor and by acting as an historical record of events at the University. While the campus administration recognizes the appalachian as a viable means of communication with the student body, it shall by no means attempt to influence anything the newspaper chooses to print. Staff members of The Appalachian shall always consider themselves professionals and act in a professional manner. The following Codes of Ethics, adopted by the Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi, in 1973, shall be upheld by staff members to the best of their abilities. Code of Ethics "The Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi, believes the duty of journalists is to serve the truth. We believe the agencies of mass communication are carriers of public discussion and information, acting on their Constitutional mandate and freedom to learn and report the facts. We believe in public enlightenment as the forerunner of justice, and in our Constitutional role to seek the truth as part of the public’s right to know the truth. We believe those responsibilities carry obligations that require journalists to perform with intelligence, objectivity, accuracy, and fairness. To these ends, we declare acceptance of the standards of practice here set forth: "Responsibility: The public’s right to know of events of public importance and interest is the overriding mission of the mass media. The purpose of distributing news an enlightened opinion is to serve the general welfare. Journalists who use their professional status as representatives of the public for selfish or other unworthy motives violate a high trust. "Freedom of the Press: Freedom of the press is to be guarded as an inalienable right of the people in a free society. It carries with it the freedom and the responsibility to discuss, question, and challenge actions and utterances of our government and of our public and private institutions. Journalists uphold the right to speak unpopular opinions and the privilege to agree with the majority. Ethics: Journalists must be free of obligation to any interest other than the public’s right to know the truth.
Accuracy and Objectivity: Good faith with the public is the foundation of all worthy journalism.
Fair Play: Journalists at all times will show respect for the dignity, privacy, rights, and well-being of people encountered in the course of gathering and presenting the news.
Open dialogue with our readers, viewers, and listeners should be fostered. Pledge: Journalists should actively censure and try to prevent violations of these standards, and they should encourage their observance by all news people. Adherence to this code of ethics is intended to preserve the bond of mutual trust and respect between American journalists and the American people.” WHO IS A PUBLIC FIGURE? Writers should not, however, allow this policy to inhibit their coverage of public actions and events. CORRECTION/RETRACTION POLICY From time to time statements may inadvertently be printed without substantiation or substance and should not have been printed. The editor in chief should be consulted to determine if a retraction is necessary. Editors have a responsibility to use good judgment in all aspects of editing. They should not add information to stories which they have not gathered first-hand. They must also refrain from changing the intent of the story or inferring information that has no basis in fact. EDITORIAL POLICIES When questions of policy cannot be resolved by the editorial board or affect the entire organization (the editorial, business and production divisions) the Student Publications Advisory Board may be asked to address the issue. Should the advisory board fail to resolve the question or otherwise choose, the matter may be taken to the Student Media Board, then to the Vice Chancellor of Student Development. The only exception is that under no circumstances may any staff member be a part of any branch of the student government association. USE OF PHOTOGRAPHY OFF-THE-RECORD If it is background it may be accepted, if confidential the writer should decline the information. If writers are not sure whether they should hear information they should discuss the matter with their respective editors first. Information accepted as background must be verified by at least two other sources prior to publication. No anonymous sources are allowed in The Appalachian, so at least one source must be willing to be quoted on the record. PROFANITY INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION A person shall not be referred to by race unless the editor determines such reference is pertinent to the story (as in a series investigating the number of black professors at ASU). When a reference to race is necessary, use American Indian or Native American, African American or black, Hispanic and white. When referring to people in stories, use as complete identification as possible, including full name, classification and hometown (if a student) or professional title. References to employment or membership in organizations or clubs should be used only when pertinent to the story. PSEUDONYMS LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Copyrighted Materials: no copyrighted materials may be reprinted or reproduced without the expressed, written consent of the publisher. Use of copyrighted material from the Internet - Staff members will assume any text, photographs or any other material posted on the Internet is protected by copyright and subject to copyright laws. Such materials are not eligible for publication in The Appalachian unless elicit permission from the holder of the copyright has been obtained. Elicit permission includes media resource links on official Web sites. Written permission is preferred, but oral agreements are acceptable only when the editor in chief, associate editor of production operations or associate editor of news operations obtained the oral permission. Deadlines The newspaper staff should keep in mind that all production activity must be completed; layout boards, photographs and artwork must be delivered to the contracted printing company; and the newsroom and production areas picked up by 11 p.m.on production days. The only authorized reason for remaining in the facility beyond midnight on production days is for equipment failure. It is the editor-in-chief’s responsibility to plan ahead for projects which can cause delays in the production process. Deadlines for copy submission, photograph selection and preparation, and the production of appropriate artwork and graphics are: 4 p.m. Sunday, Tuesday. |
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